{"nodes":[{"id":1,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitGoal","title":"Vital Habitats","text":{"Vital Habitats":"Restore, enhance and protect a network of land and water habitats to support fish and wildlife and to afford other public benefits, including water quality, recreational uses and scenic value across the watershed."}},{"id":2,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitGoal","title":"Sustainable Fisheries","text":{"Sustainable Fisheries":"Protect, restore and enhance finfish, shellfish and other living resources, their habitats and ecological relationships to sustain all fisheries and provide for a balanced ecosystem in the watershed and Bay."}},{"id":3,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitGoal","title":"Toxic Contaminants","text":{"Toxic Contaminants":"Ensure that the Bay and its rivers are free of effects of toxic contaminants on living resources and human health."}},{"id":4,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitGoal","title":"Environmental Literacy","text":{"Environmental Literacy":"Enable students in the region to graduate with the knowledge and skills to act responsibly to protect and restore their local watershed."}},{"id":5,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitGoal","title":"Healthy Watersheds","text":{"Healthy Watersheds":"Sustain state-identified healthy waters and watersheds, recognized for their high quality and/or high ecological value."}},{"id":6,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitGoal","title":"Climate Resiliancy","text":{"Climate Resiliancy":"Increase the resiliency of the Chesapeake Bay watershed, including its living resources, habitats, public infrastructure and communities, to withstand adverse impacts from changing environmental and climate conditions."}},{"id":7,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitGoal","title":"Land Conservation","text":{"Land Conservation":"Conserve landscapes treasured by communities in order to maintain water quality and habitat; sustain working forests, farms and maritime communities; and conserve lands of cultural, indigenous and community value."}},{"id":8,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitGoal","title":"Public Access","text":{"Public Access":"Expand public access to the Bay and its tributaries through existing and new local, state and federal parks, refuges, reserves, trails and partner sites."}},{"id":9,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitGoal","title":"Water Quality","text":{"Water Quality":"Reduce pollutants to achieve the water quality necessary to support the aquatic living resources of the Bay and its tributaries and protect human health."}},{"id":10,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitGoal","title":"Stewardship","text":{"Stewardship":"Increase the number and diversity of local community stewards and local governments that actively support and carry out the conservation and restoration activities that achieve healthy local streams, rivers and a vibrant Chesapeake Bay."}},{"id":11,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitBmp","title":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Agricultural Forest Buffer":"Linear wooded areas that help filter nutrients, sediments and other pollutants from runoff as well as remove nutrients from groundwater. The recommended buffer width is 100 feet, with a 35 feet minimum width required with or without exclusion fencing.

BMPs

Forest Buffer
Forest Buffer-Streamside with Exclusion Fencing

"}},{"id":12,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitBmp","title":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Wetland Restoration":"The manipulation of the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of a site with the goal of returning natural/historic functions to a former wetland.

BMPs

Wetland Restoration - Headwater
Wetland Restoration - Floodplain

"}},{"id":13,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitBmp","title":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Urban Forest Buffer":"Forest buffers are linear wooded areas that help filter nutrients, sediment and other pollutants from runoff as well as remove nutrients from groundwater. The recommended buffer width is 100 feet, with a 35 feet minimum width required.

BMPs

Forest Buffer

"}},{"id":14,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitBmp","title":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Wetland Creation":"The manipulation of the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics present to develop a wetland that did not previously exist at a site.

BMPs

Wetland Creation - Floodplain
Wetland Creation - Headwater

"}},{"id":15,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitBmp","title":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Urban Forest Planting":"Tree planting projects in urban or suburban areas that are not part of a riparian buffer, structural BMP or Urban Tree Canopy Expansion BMP, with the intent of establishing forest ecosystem processes and function. Under this BMP, trees are planted in a contiguous area as documented in the planting plan and the acreage of this BMP is converted from the developed turfgrass land use into forest in the modeling tools.

BMPs

Forest Planting

"}},{"id":16,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitBmp","title":"Impervious Surface Reduction","text":{"Impervious Surface Reduction":"Reducing impervious surfaces to promote infiltration and percolation of runoff storm water.

BMPs

Impervious Surface Reduction

"}},{"id":17,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitBmp","title":"Tree Planting","text":{"Tree Planting":"includes any trees planted on agricultural land, except those used to establish riparian forest buffers, targeting lands that are highly erodible or identified as critical resource areas.

BMPs

Tree Planting

"}},{"id":18,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitBmp","title":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"Agricultural Grass Buffer":"Linear strips of grass or other non-woody vegetation maintained to help filter nutrients, sediment and other pollutants from runoff. The recommended buffer width for buffers is 100 feet, with a 35 feet minimum width required with or without exclusion fencing.

BMPs

Grass Buffer-Streamside with Exclusion Fencing
Grass Buffer

"}},{"id":19,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitBmp","title":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Urban Tree Planting":"The planting of trees in an urban area that are not part of a riparian forest buffer, structural BMP (e.g., bioretention, tree planter) or do not conform to the definition of the Urban Forest Planting BMP. This BMP does not require trees to be planted in a contiguous area.

BMPs

Tree Planting - Canopy

"}},{"id":20,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitBmp","title":"Cover Crops","text":{"Cover Crops":"A short-term crop grown after the main cropping season to reduce nutrient losses to ground and surface water by sequestering nutrients. This type of cover crop may not receive nutrients in the fall and may not be harvested in the spring.

BMPs

Cover Crop Traditional Brassica Early Aerial
Cover Crop Traditional Triticale Normal Other
Cover Crop Traditional Rye Normal Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Oats, Winter Killed Early Aerial
Cover Crop Traditional Legume Plus Grass 25-50% Early Aerial
Cover Crop Traditional Barley Early Aerial
Cover Crop Traditional Rye Normal Other
Cover Crop Traditional Forage Radish Early Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Forage Radish Plus Normal Other
Cover Crop Traditional Rye Early Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Forage Radish Early Other
Cover Crop Traditional Wheat Normal Other
Cover Crop Traditional Triticale Normal Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Legume Plus Grass 25-50% Normal Other
Cover Crop Traditional Oats, Winter Killed Early Other
Cover Crop Traditional Oats, Winter Hardy Early Other
Cover Crop Traditional Rye Late Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Legume Plus Grass 50% Early Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Barley Early Other
Cover Crop Traditional Legume Plus Grass 50% Early Aerial
Cover Crop Traditional Legume Plus Grass 25-50% Early Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Wheat Early Other
Cover Crop Traditional Oats, Winter Hardy Early Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Rye Early Other
Cover Crop Traditional Rye Late Other
Cover Crop Traditional Wheat Normal Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Annual Legume Early Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Oats, Winter Hardy Normal Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Annual Ryegrass Normal Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Legume Plus Grass 50% Early Other
Cover Crop Traditional Annual Ryegrass Early Other
Cover Crop Traditional Wheat Early Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Wheat Late Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Annual Legume Normal Other
Cover Crop Traditional Legume Plus Grass 25-50% Early Other
Cover Crop Traditional Rye Early Aerial
Cover Crop Traditional Brassica Early Other
Cover Crop Traditional Oats, Winter Killed Early Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Brassica Early Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Forage Radish Plus Normal Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Triticale Late Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Legume Plus Grass 50% Normal Other
Cover Crop Traditional Forage Radish Plus Early Other
Cover Crop Traditional Annual Legume Early Other
Cover Crop Traditional Barley Normal Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Forage Radish Plus Early Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Oats, Winter Hardy Early Aerial
Cover Crop Traditional Triticale Early Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Annual Ryegrass Normal Other
Cover Crop Traditional Wheat Late Other
Cover Crop Traditional Wheat Early Aerial
Cover Crop Traditional Annual Ryegrass Early Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Forage Radish Early Aerial
Cover Crop Traditional Barley Early Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Legume Plus Grass 50% Normal Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Annual Legume Normal Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Barley Normal Other
Cover Crop Traditional Forage Radish Plus Early Aerial
Cover Crop Traditional Annual Ryegrass Early Aerial
Cover Crop Traditional Triticale Early Aerial
Cover Crop Traditional Annual Legume Early Aerial
Cover Crop Traditional Legume Plus Grass 25-50% Normal Drilled
Cover Crop Traditional Oats, Winter Hardy Normal Other
Cover Crop Traditional Triticale Late Other
Cover Crop Traditional Triticale Early Other

"}},{"id":21,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Fish Passage","text":{"Fish Passage":"Continually increase available habitat to support sustainable migratory fish populations in freshwater rivers and streams. By 2025, restore historical fish migratory routes by opening 1,000 additional stream miles, with restoration success indicated by the consistent presence of alewife, blueback herring, American shad, hickory shad, American eel and brook trout, to be monitored in accordance with available agency resources and collaboratively developed methods."}},{"id":22,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Oyster","text":{"Oyster":"Continually increase finfish and shellfish habitat and water quality benefits from restored oyster populations. Restore native oyster habitat and populations in 10 tributaries by 2025 and ensure their protection."}},{"id":23,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Toxic Contaminants Research","text":{"Toxic Contaminants Research":"Continually increase our understanding of the impacts and mitigation options for toxic contaminants. Develop a research agenda and further characterize the occurrence, concentrations, sources and effects of mercury, PCBs and other contaminants of emerging and widespread concern. In addition, identify which best management practices might provide multiple benefits of reducing nutrient and sediment pollution as well as toxic contaminants in waterways."}},{"id":24,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Environmental Literacy Planning","text":{"Environmental Literacy Planning":"Each participating Bay jurisdiction should develop a comprehensive and systemic approach to environmental literacy for all students in the region that includes policies, practices and voluntary metrics that support environmental literacy Goals and Outcomes of this Agreement."}},{"id":25,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Brook Trout","text":{"Brook Trout":"Restore and sustain naturally reproducing brook trout populations in Chesapeake headwater streams with an eight percent increase in occupied habitat by 2025."}},{"id":26,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Forest Buffer","text":{"Forest Buffer":"Continually increase the capacity of forest buffers to provide water quality and habitat benefits throughout the watershed. Restore 900 miles per year of riparian forest buffer and conserve existing buffers until at least 70 percent of riparian areas throughout the watershed are forested."}},{"id":27,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Wetlands","text":{"Wetlands":"Continually increase the capacity of wetlands to provide water quality and habitat benefits throughout the watershed. Create or re-establish 85,000 acres of tidal and non-tidal wetlands and enhance the function of an additional 150,000 acres of degraded wetlands by 2025. These activities may occur in any land use (including urban) but primarily occur in agricultural or natural landscapes."}},{"id":28,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention","text":{"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention":"Continually improve practices and controls that reduce and prevent the effects of toxic contaminants below levels that harm aquatic systems and humans. Build from existing programs to reduce the amount and effects of PCBs in the Bay and watershed. Use research findings to evaluate the implementation of additional policies, programs and practices for other contaminants that need to be further reduced or eliminated."}},{"id":29,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Healthy Watersheds","text":{"Healthy Watersheds":"100 percent of state-identified currently healthy waters and watersheds remain healthy."}},{"id":30,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Fish Habitat","text":{"Fish Habitat":"Continually improve effectiveness of fish habitat conservation and restoration efforts by identifying and characterizing critical spawning, nursery and forage areas within the Bay and tributaries for important fish and shellfish, and use existing and new tools to integrate information and conduct assessments to inform restoration and conservation efforts."}},{"id":31,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Climate Monitoring and Assessment","text":{"Climate Monitoring and Assessment":"Continually improve the capacity to monitor and assess the effects of management actions being undertaken to implement the Bay TMDL and improve water quality. Use the monitoring results to report annually to the public on progress made in attaining established Bay water-quality standards and trends in reducing nutrients and sediment in the watershed."}},{"id":32,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Protected Lands","text":{"Protected Lands":"By 2025, protect an additional two million acres of lands throughout the watershed—currently identified as high conservation priorities at the federal, state or local level—including 225,000 acres of wetlands and 695,000 acres of forest land of highest value for maintaining water quality. (2010 baseline year)"}},{"id":33,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Public Access Site Development","text":{"Public Access Site Development":"By 2025, add 300 new public-access sites, with a strong emphasis on providing opportunities for boating, swimming and fishing, where feasible. (2010 baseline year)"}},{"id":34,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Blue Crab Management","text":{"Blue Crab Management":"Manage for a stable and productive crab fishery including working with the industry, recreational crabbers and other stakeholders to improve commercial and recreational harvest accountability. By 2018, evaluate the establishment of a Bay-wide, allocation-based management framework with annual levels set by the jurisdictions for the purpose of accounting for and adjusting harvest by each jurisdiction."}},{"id":35,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Black Duck","text":{"Black Duck":"By 2025, restore, enhance and preserve wetland habitats that support a wintering population of 100,000 black ducks, a species representative of the health of tidal marshes across the watershed. Refine population targets through 2025 based on best available science."}},{"id":36,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"2025 WIP","text":{"2025 WIP":"By 2025, have all practices and controls installed to achieve the Bay?s dissolved oxygen, water clarity/submerged aquatic vegetation and chlorophyll a standards as articulated in the Chesapeake Bay TMDL document."}},{"id":37,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Climate Adaptation","text":{"Climate Adaptation":"Continually pursue, design and construct restoration and protection projects to enhance the resiliency of the Bay and aquatic ecosystems from the impacts of coastal erosion, coastal flooding, more intense and more frequent storms and sea level rise."}},{"id":38,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Tree Canopy Outcome","text":{"Tree Canopy Outcome":"Continually increase urban tree canopy capacity to provide air quality, water quality and habitat benefits throughout the watershed. Expand urban tree canopy by 2,400 acres by 2025."}},{"id":39,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Diversity","text":{"Diversity":"Identify minority stakeholder groups that are not currently represented in the leadership, decision making and implementation of current conservation and restoration activities and create meaningful opportunities and programs to recruit and engage them in the Partnership’s efforts."}},{"id":40,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Forage Fish","text":{"Forage Fish":"Continually improve the Partnership’s capacity to understand the role of forage fish populations in the Chesapeake Bay. By 2016, develop a strategy for assessing the forage fish base available as food for predatory species in the Chesapeake Bay."}},{"id":41,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Stream Health","text":{"Stream Health":"Continually improve stream health and function throughout the watershed. Improve health and function of 10% of stream miles above the 2008 baseline for the watershed."}},{"id":42,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Local Leadership","text":{"Local Leadership":"Continually increase the knowledge and capacity of local officials on issues related to water resources and in the implementation of economic and policy incentives that will support local conservation actions."}},{"id":43,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Water Quality Standards Attainment and Monitoring","text":{"Water Quality Standards Attainment and Monitoring":"Continually improve the capacity to monitor and assess the effects of management actions being undertaken to implement the Bay TMDL and improve water quality. Use the monitoring results to report annually to the public on progress made in attaining established Bay water-quality standards and trends in reducing nutrients and sediment in the watershed."}},{"id":44,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Sustainable Schools","text":{"Sustainable Schools":"Continually increase the number of schools in the region that reduce the impact of their buildings and grounds on their local watershed, environment and human health through best practices, including student-led protection and restoration projects."}},{"id":45,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Student","text":{"Student":"Continually increase students’ age-appropriate understanding of the watershed through participation in teacher-supported meaningful watershed educational experiences and rigorous, inquiry-based instruction, with a target of at least one meaningful watershed educational experience in elementary, middle and high school depending on available resources."}},{"id":46,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Land Use Options","text":{"Land Use Options":"By the end of 2017, with the direct involvement of local governments or their representatives, evaluate policy options, incentives and planning tools that could assist them in continually improving their capacity to reduce the rate of conversion of agricultural lands, forests and wetlands as well as the rate of changing landscapes from more natural lands that soak up pollutants to those that are paved over, hardscaped or otherwise impervious. Strategies should be developed for supporting local governments’ and others’ efforts in reducing these rates by 2025 and beyond."}},{"id":47,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Community Stewardship","text":{"Community Stewardship":"Increase the number and diversity of trained and mobilized community volunteers with the knowledge and skills needed to enhance the health of their local watersheds."}},{"id":48,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV)","text":{"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV)":"Sustain and increase the habitat benefits of SAV (underwater grasses) in the Chesapeake Bay. Achieve and sustain the ultimate outcome of 185,000 acres of SAV Bay-wide necessary for a restored Bay. Progress toward this ultimate outcome will be measured against a target of 90,000 acres by 2017 and 130,000 acres by 2025."}},{"id":49,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development","text":{"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development":"Continually improve the knowledge of land conversion and the associated impacts throughout the watershed. By 2016, develop a watershed-wide methodology and local-level metrics for characterizing the rate of farmland, forest, and wetland conversion, measuring the extent and rate of change in impervious surface coverage and quantifying the potential impacts of land conversion to water quality, healthy watersheds, and communities. Launch a public awareness campaign to share this information with local governments, elected officials, and stakeholders."}},{"id":50,"color":"black","group":"CoBenefitOutcome","title":"Blue Crab Abundance","text":{"Blue Crab Abundance":"Maintain a sustainable blue crab population based on the current 2012 target of 215 million adult females. Refine population targets through 2025 based on best available science."}}],"edges":[{"id":1,"source":1,"source_text":"Vital Habitats","target":21,"target_text":"Fish Passage","text":{"Vital Habitats → Fish Passage":"Physical structures that hinder or block the movement of migratory fish to their historic spawning grounds are one of the most important factors in the decline of American shad, brook trout and other fish species. Removing dams or installing fish lifts, ladders and other passageways can allow migratory fish to return to their spawning and nursery grounds and allow resident fish to move freely through streams. The outcome was?modified by the Principals' Staff Committee?in January 2020."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":2,"source":2,"source_text":"Sustainable Fisheries","target":22,"target_text":"Oyster","text":{"Sustainable Fisheries → Oyster":"Filter-feeding oysters and their reefs can improve water quality and provide habitat for invertebrates and fish. These native bivalves are an iconic Chesapeake Bay species that has been decimated by pollution, disease and historic overharvesting. Restoring and protecting oyster reefs in Bay tributaries would reestablish the species and provide important ecosystem services to the Bay."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":3,"source":3,"source_text":"Toxic Contaminants","target":23,"target_text":"Toxic Contaminants Research","text":{"Toxic Contaminants → Toxic Contaminants Research":"In 2012, close to 74 percent of the tidal water segments of the Chesapeake Bay were fully or partially impaired by toxic contaminants. These contaminants include pesticides, pharmaceuticals, metals and more, and can harm the health of both humans and wildlife. Improving our understanding of these contaminants will help us reduce their impacts, thus improving the health and value of living resources."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":4,"source":4,"source_text":"Environmental Literacy","target":24,"target_text":"Environmental Literacy Planning","text":{"Environmental Literacy → Environmental Literacy Planning":"In the coming decades, the public will be called upon to understand complex environmental issues and be aware of the environmental effects that individual decisions can have on local and global scales. Creating a scientifically informed community will require a concerted approach to environmental education, which will require our support of rigorous, inquiry based instruction and meaningful watershed educational experiences."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":5,"source":1,"source_text":"Vital Habitats","target":25,"target_text":"Brook Trout","text":{"Vital Habitats → Brook Trout":"Brook trout are essential to the headwater stream ecosystem and a valuable piece of the region's heritage and economy. Land trusts have even found that the possibility of restoring brook trout to local streams motivates private landowners to take conservation actions. But unless steps are taken to reverse brook trout population decline, the species could be at risk of becoming regionally threatened within three to four decades."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":6,"source":1,"source_text":"Vital Habitats","target":26,"target_text":"Forest Buffer","text":{"Vital Habitats → Forest Buffer":"Forest buffers, or the trees, shrubs and other plants that grow along rivers and streams, are critical to the health of the Chesapeake Bay. Forest buffers prevent pollution from entering waterways, stabilize stream banks, provide food and habitat to wildlife, and keep streams cool during hot weather. Learn more information about forest buffers by going to the?Forest Buffer Issues page.?For more information on forest buffer efforts in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, go to the?Planting Forest Buffers page?or visit the Publications tab on the?Forestry Workgroup page."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":7,"source":1,"source_text":"Vital Habitats","target":27,"target_text":"Wetlands","text":{"Vital Habitats → Wetlands":"Healthy wetlands are vital to a healthy Chesapeake Bay. Wetlands trap polluted runoff and slow the flow of nutrients, sediment and chemical contaminants into rivers, streams and the Bay. By soaking up stormwater and dampening storm surges, wetlands slow the erosion of shorelines and protect properties from floods. Wetlands also provide critical habitat for fish, birds, mammals and invertebrates, and support recreational fishing and hunting across the watershed."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":8,"source":3,"source_text":"Toxic Contaminants","target":28,"target_text":"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention","text":{"Toxic Contaminants → Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention":"In 2012, close to 74 percent of the tidal water segments of the Chesapeake Bay were fully or partially impaired by toxic contaminants. These contaminants include pesticides, pharmaceuticals, metals and more, and can harm the health of both humans and wildlife. Polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, have posed a particular problem: the contaminant can accumulate in fish tissue and limit the amount of regional fish that can be consumed. Reducing the impacts of these contaminants will improve the health and value of living resources."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":9,"source":5,"source_text":"Healthy Watersheds","target":29,"target_text":"Healthy Watersheds","text":{"Healthy Watersheds → Healthy Watersheds":"Promoting the long-term conservation of healthy watersheds is critical to the health of the Chesapeake Bay. Healthy watersheds store carbon, provide wildlife with clean water and habitat, and are more resilient to the effects of invasive species and climate change. Healthy watersheds also generate ecosystem services and social and economic benefits that are difficult to replicate when restoring impaired watersheds. Thus, the maintenance of healthy watersheds is important for the ecosystems and communities that rely on them."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":10,"source":2,"source_text":"Sustainable Fisheries","target":30,"target_text":"Fish Habitat","text":{"Sustainable Fisheries → Fish Habitat":"At present, there is limited information about how different fish use different Chesapeake Bay habitats during different parts of their lives. But we know healthy habitats?including the wetlands, rivers and streams that serve as nursery, spawning and forage areas?are important to fisheries productivity. Identifying and improving our understanding about important fish habitat will help target our conservation and restoration efforts."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":11,"source":6,"source_text":"Climate Resiliancy","target":31,"target_text":"Climate Monitoring and Assessment","text":{"Climate Resiliancy → Climate Monitoring and Assessment":"Monitoring and assessing changing climatic conditions and trends are vital parts of the Chesapeake Bay Program?s climate resiliency goal. Documenting changes in sea level, precipitation patterns, water temperature and the resulting ecosystem response will inform the development and prioritization of on-the-ground projects and program management."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":12,"source":7,"source_text":"Land Conservation","target":32,"target_text":"Protected Lands","text":{"Land Conservation → Protected Lands":"The human population in the Chesapeake Bay watershed continues to grow. The development and land conversion this growth implies are among the top stressors the Bay ecosystem will face, and are threats to its restoration and protection. One way to combat the loss of forests, wetlands and other habitats is to permanently protect these lands from development."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":13,"source":8,"source_text":"Public Access","target":33,"target_text":"Public Access Site Development","text":{"Public Access → Public Access Site Development":"The Chesapeake Bay watershed is rapidly urbanizing. More than eleven million people live in metropolitan areas, but few have the chance to interact with the region?s waters, forests and open lands. Despite this trend?or perhaps because of it?residents increasingly seek opportunities to connect with the outdoors. Multiple studies continue to document this high public demand for public access points, and meeting this demand will foster a feeling of shared responsibility for the region?s resources among its residents."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":14,"source":2,"source_text":"Sustainable Fisheries","target":34,"target_text":"Blue Crab Management","text":{"Sustainable Fisheries → Blue Crab Management":"Blue crabs are important to the ecology and economy of the Chesapeake Bay. The keystone species supports commercial and recreational fisheries across the region. But poor water quality, habitat loss, harvest pressure and natural predation can affect their continued health. Tracking blue crab population levels can inform how harvest regulations should or shouldn?t change if we are to maintain a sustainable blue crab stock."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":15,"source":1,"source_text":"Vital Habitats","target":35,"target_text":"Black Duck","text":{"Vital Habitats → Black Duck":"Historically, the American black duck was the most abundant dabbling duck in eastern North America and comprised the largest portion of the region?s waterfowl harvest. Despite its importance, the black duck population declined by more than 50 percent between the 1950s and 1980s. The mid-Atlantic region supports the largest portion of eastern North America?s wintering black duck population, and preserving wetland habitat in the Chesapeake Bay watershed is critical to the long-term sustainability of the species."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":16,"source":9,"source_text":"Water Quality","target":36,"target_text":"2025 WIP","text":{"Water Quality → 2025 WIP":"Watershed Implementation Plans, created by watershed jurisdictions under the Chesapeake Bay ?pollution diet? or Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), are instrumental in the restoration of tidal water quality. Improving water quality will support other restoration goals and benefit human health."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":17,"source":6,"source_text":"Climate Resiliancy","target":37,"target_text":"Climate Adaptation","text":{"Climate Resiliancy → Climate Adaptation":"To increase the climate resiliency of the Chesapeake Bay watershed, it is important to consider changing climatic conditions in the pursuit, design, implementation and long-term maintenance of restoration and protection management practices. In some cases, this could mean using specific practices to address certain environmental needs, like restoring areas that would ease the inland migration of wetlands or planting vegetative buffers in areas that experience coastal floods. In other cases, it could involve factoring climatic conditions and sea level rise into the design of on-the-ground restoration work."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":18,"source":1,"source_text":"Vital Habitats","target":38,"target_text":"Tree Canopy Outcome","text":{"Vital Habitats → Tree Canopy Outcome":"Increasing tree cover in communities is a sustainable and cost-effective practice that improves society and the environment. Increased tree canopy can enhance air quality, water quality, energy savings, public health and community investment."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":19,"source":10,"source_text":"Stewardship","target":39,"target_text":"Diversity","text":{"Stewardship → Diversity":"The Chesapeake Bay watershed is a region of profound diversity. Further involving diverse stakeholders not currently represented in our leadership, decision-making or restoration efforts is critical to the continued success of the Chesapeake Bay Program. The outcome was?modified by the Principals' Staff Committee?in January 2020."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":20,"source":2,"source_text":"Sustainable Fisheries","target":40,"target_text":"Forage Fish","text":{"Sustainable Fisheries → Forage Fish":"Forage fish form an important link in the Chesapeake Bay food web, serving as prey for other fish species like striped bass, bluefish and weakfish. Improving our understanding of the role forage fish play in the Bay will improve our ability to manage predator fish species, many of which are commercially and recreationally valuable to the region."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":21,"source":1,"source_text":"Vital Habitats","target":41,"target_text":"Stream Health","text":{"Vital Habitats → Stream Health":"Restoring water quality in local rivers and streams is a key step toward meeting water quality standards across the entire Chesapeake Bay. Restoring rivers and streams also benefits the fish, wildlife and people that use them."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":22,"source":10,"source_text":"Stewardship","target":42,"target_text":"Local Leadership","text":{"Stewardship → Local Leadership":"While watershed-wide partnerships help coordinate and catalyze conservation efforts, implementation of these efforts happens at the local level. Indeed, local government officials are key partners in our work. By engaging and empowering these officials, we will leverage more resources and ensure better outcomes in the implementation of economic and policy incentives that will support local conservation work."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":23,"source":9,"source_text":"Water Quality","target":43,"target_text":"Water Quality Standards Attainment and Monitoring","text":{"Water Quality → Water Quality Standards Attainment and Monitoring":"Monitoring the attainment of water quality standards will give us the information needed to track trends in nutrient and sediment pollution and assess whether or not Chesapeake Bay water quality is high enough to support aquatic living resources."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":24,"source":4,"source_text":"Environmental Literacy","target":44,"target_text":"Sustainable Schools","text":{"Environmental Literacy → Sustainable Schools":"In the coming decades, the public will be called upon to understand complex environmental issues and be aware of the environmental effects that individual decisions can have on local and global scales. Creating a scientifically informed community will require a concerted approach to environmental education, which will require our support of sustainability efforts at schools."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":25,"source":4,"source_text":"Environmental Literacy","target":45,"target_text":"Student","text":{"Environmental Literacy → Student":"In the coming decades, the public will be called upon to understand complex environmental issues and be aware of the environmental effects that individual decisions can have on local and global scales. Creating a scientifically informed community will require a concerted approach to environmental education, which will require our support of efforts to advance environmental literacy."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":26,"source":7,"source_text":"Land Conservation","target":46,"target_text":"Land Use Options","text":{"Land Conservation → Land Use Options":"By the end of 2017, with the direct involvement of local governments or their representatives, evaluate policy options, incentives and planning tools that could assist them in continually improving their capacity to the reduce the rate of conversion of agricultural lands, forests and wetlands as well as the rate of changing landscapes from more natural lands that soak up pollutants to those that are paved over, hardscaped or otherwise impervious. Strategies should be developed for supporting local governments? and others? efforts in reducing these rates by 2025 and beyond."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":27,"source":10,"source_text":"Stewardship","target":47,"target_text":"Community Stewardship","text":{"Stewardship → Community Stewardship":"The long-term success of Chesapeake Bay restoration will depend on the actions of individual stewards. Support for activities that expand volunteerism, connect residents to their neighborhood streams, create opportunities for local action and nurture grassroots partnerships will ensure long-term support for the Bay."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":28,"source":1,"source_text":"Vital Habitats","target":48,"target_text":"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV)","text":{"Vital Habitats → Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV)":"Underwater grasses benefit aquatic life and serve critical functions in the Chesapeake Bay. Also known as submerged aquatic vegetation, underwater grasses add oxygen to the water; improve water clarity; provide food and shelter to fish and wildlife; and reduce shoreline erosion. Increasing grass abundance in the Bay and its rivers will improve the entire Bay ecosystem."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":29,"source":7,"source_text":"Land Conservation","target":49,"target_text":"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development","text":{"Land Conservation → Land Use Methods and Metrics Development":"Land use change is a local issue with regional consequences. If not understood, mitigated or otherwise planned for, land use change can affect restoration and protection efforts. Improving our understanding and tracking of these changes will allow us to share this information with local governments, elected officials and other stakeholders. The outcome was?modified by the Principals' Staff Committee?in January 2020."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":30,"source":2,"source_text":"Sustainable Fisheries","target":50,"target_text":"Blue Crab Abundance","text":{"Sustainable Fisheries → Blue Crab Abundance":"Blue crabs are important to the ecology and economy of the Chesapeake Bay. The keystone species supports commercial and recreational fisheries across the region. But poor water quality, habitat loss, harvest pressure and natural predation can affect their continued health. Tracking blue crab population levels can inform how harvest regulations should or shouldn?t change if we are to maintain a sustainable blue crab stock."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":31,"source":41,"source_text":"Stream Health","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Stream Health → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":32,"source":35,"source_text":"Black Duck","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Black Duck → Wetland Restoration":"These management practices can help create habitat."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":33,"source":40,"source_text":"Forage Fish","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Forage Fish → Urban Forest Buffer":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish. Forage fish play a particularly important role as food for larger species."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":34,"source":47,"source_text":"Community Stewardship","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Community Stewardship → Wetland Restoration":"Residents can help create and maintain ecosystems to support habitat goals."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":35,"source":25,"source_text":"Brook Trout","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Brook Trout → Wetland Creation":"These management practices can help create cooler temperatures and healthy streams for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":36,"source":48,"source_text":"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV)","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"These management practices lead to reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that leads to low amounts of dissolved oxygen. They also trap the sediment that can reduce water clarity, allowing light to reach the SAV. SAVs play an important role as nurseries for crabs and fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":37,"source":25,"source_text":"Brook Trout","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Brook Trout → Wetland Restoration":"These management practices can help create cooler temperatures and healthy streams for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":38,"source":35,"source_text":"Black Duck","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Black Duck → Urban Forest Buffer":"These management practices can help create habitat."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":39,"source":49,"source_text":"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development → Urban Forest Planting":"The Chesapeake Bay Program creates a detailed land use to help evaluate land change effects on watersheds. These management practices are some of those land change effects that humans can control. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":40,"source":36,"source_text":"2025 WIP","target":16,"target_text":"Impervious Surface Reduction","text":{"2025 WIP → Impervious Surface Reduction":"The WIPs include management practices expected to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in local waters and in the Chesapeake Bay."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":41,"source":37,"source_text":"Climate Adaptation","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Climate Adaptation → Wetland Creation":"Creating natural lands ameliorates the secular trend that leads to more flooding and other climate impacts. "},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":42,"source":40,"source_text":"Forage Fish","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Forage Fish → Wetland Creation":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish. Forage fish play a particularly important role as food for larger species."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":43,"source":30,"source_text":"Fish Habitat","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Fish Habitat → Wetland Restoration":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":44,"source":40,"source_text":"Forage Fish","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Forage Fish → Wetland Restoration":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish. Forage fish play a particularly important role as food for larger species."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":45,"source":25,"source_text":"Brook Trout","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Brook Trout → Urban Forest Buffer":"These management practices can help create cooler temperatures and healthy streams for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":46,"source":33,"source_text":"Public Access Site Development","target":17,"target_text":"Tree Planting","text":{"Public Access Site Development → Tree Planting":"Ensuring access to natural lands allows humans to enjoy the beauty and peace of natural landscapes and water. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":47,"source":41,"source_text":"Stream Health","target":18,"target_text":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"Stream Health → Agricultural Grass Buffer":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":48,"source":29,"source_text":"Healthy Watersheds","target":18,"target_text":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"Healthy Watersheds → Agricultural Grass Buffer":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":49,"source":33,"source_text":"Public Access Site Development","target":16,"target_text":"Impervious Surface Reduction","text":{"Public Access Site Development → Impervious Surface Reduction":"Ensuring access to natural lands allows humans to enjoy the beauty and peace of natural landscapes and water. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":50,"source":41,"source_text":"Stream Health","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Stream Health → Urban Tree Planting":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":51,"source":33,"source_text":"Public Access Site Development","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Public Access Site Development → Wetland Creation":"Ensuring access to natural lands allows humans to enjoy the beauty and peace of natural landscapes and water. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":52,"source":47,"source_text":"Community Stewardship","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Community Stewardship → Wetland Creation":"Residents can help create and maintain ecosystems to support habitat goals."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":53,"source":29,"source_text":"Healthy Watersheds","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Healthy Watersheds → Urban Forest Buffer":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":54,"source":48,"source_text":"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV)","target":18,"target_text":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) → Agricultural Grass Buffer":"These management practices lead to reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that leads to low amounts of dissolved oxygen. They also trap the sediment that can reduce water clarity, allowing light to reach the SAV. SAVs play an important role as nurseries for crabs and fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":55,"source":33,"source_text":"Public Access Site Development","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Public Access Site Development → Urban Forest Planting":"Ensuring access to natural lands allows humans to enjoy the beauty and peace of natural landscapes and water. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":56,"source":29,"source_text":"Healthy Watersheds","target":16,"target_text":"Impervious Surface Reduction","text":{"Healthy Watersheds → Impervious Surface Reduction":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":57,"source":27,"source_text":"Wetlands","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Wetlands → Urban Tree Planting":"Increasing wetlands serves a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, and reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that results in harmful algal blooms."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":58,"source":38,"source_text":"Tree Canopy Outcome","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Tree Canopy Outcome → Urban Forest Buffer":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":59,"source":32,"source_text":"Protected Lands","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Protected Lands → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"Protecting lands in permanent easements and other natural lands preservation programs ensures that natural landscapes will persist for future generations."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":60,"source":29,"source_text":"Healthy Watersheds","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Healthy Watersheds → Urban Tree Planting":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":61,"source":29,"source_text":"Healthy Watersheds","target":17,"target_text":"Tree Planting","text":{"Healthy Watersheds → Tree Planting":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":62,"source":22,"source_text":"Oyster","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Oyster → Urban Tree Planting":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for oysters. Oysters plan an important role in filtering sediment, leading to greater water clarity for aquatic grasses that support fish and crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":63,"source":25,"source_text":"Brook Trout","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Brook Trout → Urban Tree Planting":"These management practices can help create cooler temperatures and healthy streams for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":64,"source":32,"source_text":"Protected Lands","target":18,"target_text":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"Protected Lands → Agricultural Grass Buffer":"Protecting lands in permanent easements and other natural lands preservation programs ensures that natural landscapes will persist for future generations."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":65,"source":50,"source_text":"Blue Crab Abundance","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Blue Crab Abundance → Urban Tree Planting":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":66,"source":37,"source_text":"Climate Adaptation","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Climate Adaptation → Urban Forest Buffer":"Creating natural lands ameliorates the secular trend that leads to more flooding and other climate impacts. "},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":67,"source":22,"source_text":"Oyster","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Oyster → Urban Forest Buffer":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for oysters. Oysters plan an important role in filtering sediment, leading to greater water clarity for aquatic grasses that support fish and crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":68,"source":30,"source_text":"Fish Habitat","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Fish Habitat → Urban Forest Planting":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":69,"source":25,"source_text":"Brook Trout","target":18,"target_text":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"Brook Trout → Agricultural Grass Buffer":"These management practices can help create cooler temperatures and healthy streams for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":70,"source":37,"source_text":"Climate Adaptation","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Climate Adaptation → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"Creating natural lands ameliorates the secular trend that leads to more flooding and other climate impacts. "},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":71,"source":38,"source_text":"Tree Canopy Outcome","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Tree Canopy Outcome → Wetland Restoration":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":72,"source":35,"source_text":"Black Duck","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Black Duck → Urban Forest Planting":"These management practices can help create habitat."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":73,"source":38,"source_text":"Tree Canopy Outcome","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Tree Canopy Outcome → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":74,"source":40,"source_text":"Forage Fish","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Forage Fish → Urban Forest Planting":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish. Forage fish play a particularly important role as food for larger species."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":75,"source":30,"source_text":"Fish Habitat","target":18,"target_text":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"Fish Habitat → Agricultural Grass Buffer":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":76,"source":41,"source_text":"Stream Health","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Stream Health → Urban Forest Buffer":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":77,"source":40,"source_text":"Forage Fish","target":18,"target_text":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"Forage Fish → Agricultural Grass Buffer":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish. Forage fish play a particularly important role as food for larger species."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":78,"source":40,"source_text":"Forage Fish","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Forage Fish → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish. Forage fish play a particularly important role as food for larger species."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":79,"source":27,"source_text":"Wetlands","target":17,"target_text":"Tree Planting","text":{"Wetlands → Tree Planting":"Increasing wetlands serves a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, and reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that results in harmful algal blooms."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":80,"source":28,"source_text":"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention → Wetland Restoration":"Trapping toxic contaminants before they reach our waterways ensures we have clean water for drinking and the ecosystem. Preventing toxics from reaching natural areas is preferable. "},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":81,"source":33,"source_text":"Public Access Site Development","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Public Access Site Development → Wetland Restoration":"Ensuring access to natural lands allows humans to enjoy the beauty and peace of natural landscapes and water. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":82,"source":35,"source_text":"Black Duck","target":17,"target_text":"Tree Planting","text":{"Black Duck → Tree Planting":"These management practices can help create habitat."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":83,"source":30,"source_text":"Fish Habitat","target":16,"target_text":"Impervious Surface Reduction","text":{"Fish Habitat → Impervious Surface Reduction":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":84,"source":48,"source_text":"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV)","target":16,"target_text":"Impervious Surface Reduction","text":{"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) → Impervious Surface Reduction":"These management practices lead to reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that leads to low amounts of dissolved oxygen. They also trap the sediment that can reduce water clarity, allowing light to reach the SAV. SAVs play an important role as nurseries for crabs and fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":85,"source":27,"source_text":"Wetlands","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Wetlands → Urban Forest Planting":"Increasing wetlands serves a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, and reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that results in harmful algal blooms."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":86,"source":26,"source_text":"Forest Buffer","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Forest Buffer → Urban Forest Planting":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":87,"source":29,"source_text":"Healthy Watersheds","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Healthy Watersheds → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":88,"source":22,"source_text":"Oyster","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Oyster → Urban Forest Planting":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for oysters. Oysters plan an important role in filtering sediment, leading to greater water clarity for aquatic grasses that support fish and crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":89,"source":30,"source_text":"Fish Habitat","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Fish Habitat → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":90,"source":41,"source_text":"Stream Health","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Stream Health → Urban Forest Planting":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":91,"source":47,"source_text":"Community Stewardship","target":17,"target_text":"Tree Planting","text":{"Community Stewardship → Tree Planting":"Residents can help create and maintain ecosystems to support habitat goals."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":92,"source":30,"source_text":"Fish Habitat","target":20,"target_text":"Cover Crops","text":{"Fish Habitat → Cover Crops":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":93,"source":36,"source_text":"2025 WIP","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"2025 WIP → Wetland Restoration":"The WIPs include management practices expected to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in local waters and in the Chesapeake Bay."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":94,"source":26,"source_text":"Forest Buffer","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Forest Buffer → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":95,"source":32,"source_text":"Protected Lands","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Protected Lands → Wetland Creation":"Protecting lands in permanent easements and other natural lands preservation programs ensures that natural landscapes will persist for future generations."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":96,"source":48,"source_text":"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV)","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) → Wetland Creation":"These management practices lead to reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that leads to low amounts of dissolved oxygen. They also trap the sediment that can reduce water clarity, allowing light to reach the SAV. SAVs play an important role as nurseries for crabs and fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":97,"source":48,"source_text":"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV)","target":17,"target_text":"Tree Planting","text":{"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) → Tree Planting":"These management practices lead to reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that leads to low amounts of dissolved oxygen. They also trap the sediment that can reduce water clarity, allowing light to reach the SAV. SAVs play an important role as nurseries for crabs and fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":98,"source":33,"source_text":"Public Access Site Development","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Public Access Site Development → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"Ensuring access to natural lands allows humans to enjoy the beauty and peace of natural landscapes and water. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":99,"source":22,"source_text":"Oyster","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Oyster → Wetland Creation":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for oysters. Oysters plan an important role in filtering sediment, leading to greater water clarity for aquatic grasses that support fish and crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":100,"source":38,"source_text":"Tree Canopy Outcome","target":17,"target_text":"Tree Planting","text":{"Tree Canopy Outcome → Tree Planting":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":101,"source":48,"source_text":"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV)","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) → Urban Forest Buffer":"These management practices lead to reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that leads to low amounts of dissolved oxygen. They also trap the sediment that can reduce water clarity, allowing light to reach the SAV. SAVs play an important role as nurseries for crabs and fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":102,"source":22,"source_text":"Oyster","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Oyster → Wetland Restoration":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for oysters. Oysters plan an important role in filtering sediment, leading to greater water clarity for aquatic grasses that support fish and crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":103,"source":29,"source_text":"Healthy Watersheds","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Healthy Watersheds → Wetland Creation":"Increasing wetlands serves a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, and reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that results in harmful algal blooms."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":104,"source":49,"source_text":"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development","target":16,"target_text":"Impervious Surface Reduction","text":{"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development → Impervious Surface Reduction":"The Chesapeake Bay Program creates a detailed land use to help evaluate land change effects on watersheds. These management practices are some of those land change effects that humans can control. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":105,"source":29,"source_text":"Healthy Watersheds","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Healthy Watersheds → Wetland Restoration":"Increasing wetlands serves a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, and reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that results in harmful algal blooms."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":106,"source":38,"source_text":"Tree Canopy Outcome","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Tree Canopy Outcome → Urban Tree Planting":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":107,"source":50,"source_text":"Blue Crab Abundance","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Blue Crab Abundance → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":108,"source":49,"source_text":"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development","target":17,"target_text":"Tree Planting","text":{"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development → Tree Planting":"The Chesapeake Bay Program creates a detailed land use to help evaluate land change effects on watersheds. These management practices are some of those land change effects that humans can control. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":109,"source":48,"source_text":"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV)","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) → Wetland Restoration":"These management practices lead to reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that leads to low amounts of dissolved oxygen. They also trap the sediment that can reduce water clarity, allowing light to reach the SAV. SAVs play an important role as nurseries for crabs and fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":110,"source":41,"source_text":"Stream Health","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Stream Health → Wetland Restoration":"Increasing wetlands serves a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, and reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that results in harmful algal blooms."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":111,"source":38,"source_text":"Tree Canopy Outcome","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Tree Canopy Outcome → Urban Forest Planting":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":112,"source":30,"source_text":"Fish Habitat","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Fish Habitat → Wetland Creation":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":113,"source":47,"source_text":"Community Stewardship","target":16,"target_text":"Impervious Surface Reduction","text":{"Community Stewardship → Impervious Surface Reduction":"Residents can help create and maintain ecosystems to support habitat goals."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":114,"source":26,"source_text":"Forest Buffer","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Forest Buffer → Urban Forest Buffer":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":115,"source":50,"source_text":"Blue Crab Abundance","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Blue Crab Abundance → Urban Forest Buffer":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":116,"source":49,"source_text":"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development","target":18,"target_text":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development → Agricultural Grass Buffer":"The Chesapeake Bay Program creates a detailed land use to help evaluate land change effects on watersheds. These management practices are some of those land change effects that humans can control. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":117,"source":40,"source_text":"Forage Fish","target":20,"target_text":"Cover Crops","text":{"Forage Fish → Cover Crops":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish. Forage fish play a particularly important role as food for larger species."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":118,"source":30,"source_text":"Fish Habitat","target":17,"target_text":"Tree Planting","text":{"Fish Habitat → Tree Planting":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":119,"source":27,"source_text":"Wetlands","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Wetlands → Wetland Restoration":"Increasing wetlands serves a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, and reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that results in harmful algal blooms."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":120,"source":38,"source_text":"Tree Canopy Outcome","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Tree Canopy Outcome → Wetland Creation":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":121,"source":22,"source_text":"Oyster","target":16,"target_text":"Impervious Surface Reduction","text":{"Oyster → Impervious Surface Reduction":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for oysters. Oysters plan an important role in filtering sediment, leading to greater water clarity for aquatic grasses that support fish and crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":122,"source":40,"source_text":"Forage Fish","target":17,"target_text":"Tree Planting","text":{"Forage Fish → Tree Planting":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish. Forage fish play a particularly important role as food for larger species."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":123,"source":30,"source_text":"Fish Habitat","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Fish Habitat → Urban Tree Planting":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":124,"source":25,"source_text":"Brook Trout","target":16,"target_text":"Impervious Surface Reduction","text":{"Brook Trout → Impervious Surface Reduction":"These management practices can help create cooler temperatures and healthy streams for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":125,"source":36,"source_text":"2025 WIP","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"2025 WIP → Wetland Creation":"The WIPs include management practices expected to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in local waters and in the Chesapeake Bay."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":126,"source":41,"source_text":"Stream Health","target":16,"target_text":"Impervious Surface Reduction","text":{"Stream Health → Impervious Surface Reduction":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":127,"source":28,"source_text":"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention → Urban Forest Buffer":"Trapping toxic contaminants before they reach our waterways ensures we have clean water for drinking and the ecosystem. Preventing toxics from reaching natural areas is preferable. "},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":128,"source":36,"source_text":"2025 WIP","target":18,"target_text":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"2025 WIP → Agricultural Grass Buffer":"The WIPs include management practices expected to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in local waters and in the Chesapeake Bay."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":129,"source":22,"source_text":"Oyster","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Oyster → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for oysters. Oysters plan an important role in filtering sediment, leading to greater water clarity for aquatic grasses that support fish and crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":130,"source":22,"source_text":"Oyster","target":18,"target_text":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"Oyster → Agricultural Grass Buffer":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for oysters. Oysters plan an important role in filtering sediment, leading to greater water clarity for aquatic grasses that support fish and crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":131,"source":40,"source_text":"Forage Fish","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Forage Fish → Urban Tree Planting":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish. Forage fish play a particularly important role as food for larger species."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":132,"source":37,"source_text":"Climate Adaptation","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Climate Adaptation → Urban Tree Planting":"Creating natural lands ameliorates the secular trend that leads to more flooding and other climate impacts. "},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":133,"source":35,"source_text":"Black Duck","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Black Duck → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"These management practices can help create habitat."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":134,"source":50,"source_text":"Blue Crab Abundance","target":18,"target_text":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"Blue Crab Abundance → Agricultural Grass Buffer":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":135,"source":41,"source_text":"Stream Health","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Stream Health → Wetland Creation":"Increasing wetlands serves a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, and reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that results in harmful algal blooms."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":136,"source":28,"source_text":"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention → Urban Tree Planting":"Trapping toxic contaminants before they reach our waterways ensures we have clean water for drinking and the ecosystem. Preventing toxics from reaching natural areas is preferable. "},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":137,"source":37,"source_text":"Climate Adaptation","target":17,"target_text":"Tree Planting","text":{"Climate Adaptation → Tree Planting":"Creating natural lands ameliorates the secular trend that leads to more flooding and other climate impacts. "},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":138,"source":22,"source_text":"Oyster","target":17,"target_text":"Tree Planting","text":{"Oyster → Tree Planting":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for oysters. Oysters plan an important role in filtering sediment, leading to greater water clarity for aquatic grasses that support fish and crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":139,"source":37,"source_text":"Climate Adaptation","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Climate Adaptation → Urban Forest Planting":"Creating natural lands ameliorates the secular trend that leads to more flooding and other climate impacts. "},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":140,"source":50,"source_text":"Blue Crab Abundance","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Blue Crab Abundance → Wetland Restoration":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":141,"source":33,"source_text":"Public Access Site Development","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Public Access Site Development → Urban Forest Buffer":"Ensuring access to natural lands allows humans to enjoy the beauty and peace of natural landscapes and water. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":142,"source":26,"source_text":"Forest Buffer","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Forest Buffer → Urban Tree Planting":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":143,"source":37,"source_text":"Climate Adaptation","target":18,"target_text":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"Climate Adaptation → Agricultural Grass Buffer":"Creating natural lands ameliorates the secular trend that leads to more flooding and other climate impacts. "},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":144,"source":33,"source_text":"Public Access Site Development","target":18,"target_text":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"Public Access Site Development → Agricultural Grass Buffer":"Ensuring access to natural lands allows humans to enjoy the beauty and peace of natural landscapes and water. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":145,"source":33,"source_text":"Public Access Site Development","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Public Access Site Development → Urban Tree Planting":"Ensuring access to natural lands allows humans to enjoy the beauty and peace of natural landscapes and water. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":146,"source":28,"source_text":"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"Trapping toxic contaminants before they reach our waterways ensures we have clean water for drinking and the ecosystem. Preventing toxics from reaching natural areas is preferable. "},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":147,"source":35,"source_text":"Black Duck","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Black Duck → Wetland Creation":"These management practices can help create habitat."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":148,"source":32,"source_text":"Protected Lands","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Protected Lands → Urban Tree Planting":"Protecting lands in permanent easements and other natural lands preservation programs ensures that natural landscapes will persist for future generations."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":149,"source":36,"source_text":"2025 WIP","target":20,"target_text":"Cover Crops","text":{"2025 WIP → Cover Crops":"The WIPs include management practices expected to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in local waters and in the Chesapeake Bay."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":150,"source":35,"source_text":"Black Duck","target":18,"target_text":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"Black Duck → Agricultural Grass Buffer":"These management practices can help create habitat."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":151,"source":32,"source_text":"Protected Lands","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Protected Lands → Urban Forest Planting":"Protecting lands in permanent easements and other natural lands preservation programs ensures that natural landscapes will persist for future generations."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":152,"source":47,"source_text":"Community Stewardship","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Community Stewardship → Urban Forest Planting":"Residents can help create and maintain ecosystems to support habitat goals."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":153,"source":32,"source_text":"Protected Lands","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Protected Lands → Urban Forest Buffer":"Protecting lands in permanent easements and other natural lands preservation programs ensures that natural landscapes will persist for future generations."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":154,"source":47,"source_text":"Community Stewardship","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Community Stewardship → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"Residents can help create and maintain ecosystems to support habitat goals."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":155,"source":28,"source_text":"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention → Urban Forest Planting":"Trapping toxic contaminants before they reach our waterways ensures we have clean water for drinking and the ecosystem. Preventing toxics from reaching natural areas is preferable. "},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":156,"source":27,"source_text":"Wetlands","target":18,"target_text":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"Wetlands → Agricultural Grass Buffer":"Increasing wetlands serves a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, and reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that results in harmful algal blooms."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":157,"source":41,"source_text":"Stream Health","target":17,"target_text":"Tree Planting","text":{"Stream Health → Tree Planting":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":158,"source":47,"source_text":"Community Stewardship","target":18,"target_text":"Agricultural Grass Buffer","text":{"Community Stewardship → Agricultural Grass Buffer":"Residents can help create and maintain ecosystems to support habitat goals."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":159,"source":49,"source_text":"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development → Urban Forest Buffer":"The Chesapeake Bay Program creates a detailed land use to help evaluate land change effects on watersheds. These management practices are some of those land change effects that humans can control. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":160,"source":40,"source_text":"Forage Fish","target":16,"target_text":"Impervious Surface Reduction","text":{"Forage Fish → Impervious Surface Reduction":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish. Forage fish play a particularly important role as food for larger species."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":161,"source":27,"source_text":"Wetlands","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Wetlands → Wetland Creation":"Increasing wetlands serves a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, and reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that results in harmful algal blooms."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":162,"source":26,"source_text":"Forest Buffer","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Forest Buffer → Wetland Restoration":"Increasing wetlands serves a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, and reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that results in harmful algal blooms."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":163,"source":37,"source_text":"Climate Adaptation","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Climate Adaptation → Wetland Restoration":"Creating natural lands ameliorates the secular trend that leads to more flooding and other climate impacts. "},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":164,"source":47,"source_text":"Community Stewardship","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Community Stewardship → Urban Tree Planting":"Residents can help create and maintain ecosystems to support habitat goals."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":165,"source":50,"source_text":"Blue Crab Abundance","target":16,"target_text":"Impervious Surface Reduction","text":{"Blue Crab Abundance → Impervious Surface Reduction":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":166,"source":28,"source_text":"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention","target":17,"target_text":"Tree Planting","text":{"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention → Tree Planting":"Trapping toxic contaminants before they reach our waterways ensures we have clean water for drinking and the ecosystem. Preventing toxics from reaching natural areas is preferable. "},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":167,"source":27,"source_text":"Wetlands","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Wetlands → Urban Forest Buffer":"Increasing wetlands serves a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, and reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that results in harmful algal blooms."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":168,"source":35,"source_text":"Black Duck","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Black Duck → Urban Tree Planting":"These management practices can help create habitat."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":169,"source":28,"source_text":"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention → Wetland Creation":"Trapping toxic contaminants before they reach our waterways ensures we have clean water for drinking and the ecosystem. Preventing toxics from reaching natural areas is preferable. "},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":170,"source":22,"source_text":"Oyster","target":20,"target_text":"Cover Crops","text":{"Oyster → Cover Crops":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for oysters. Oysters plan an important role in filtering sediment, leading to greater water clarity for aquatic grasses that support fish and crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":171,"source":36,"source_text":"2025 WIP","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"2025 WIP → Urban Forest Planting":"The WIPs include management practices expected to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in local waters and in the Chesapeake Bay."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":172,"source":49,"source_text":"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"The Chesapeake Bay Program creates a detailed land use to help evaluate land change effects on watersheds. These management practices are some of those land change effects that humans can control. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":173,"source":26,"source_text":"Forest Buffer","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Forest Buffer → Wetland Creation":"Increasing wetlands serves a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, and reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that results in harmful algal blooms."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":174,"source":49,"source_text":"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development","target":12,"target_text":"Wetland Restoration","text":{"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development → Wetland Restoration":"The Chesapeake Bay Program creates a detailed land use to help evaluate land change effects on watersheds. These management practices are some of those land change effects that humans can control. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":175,"source":49,"source_text":"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development → Wetland Creation":"The Chesapeake Bay Program creates a detailed land use to help evaluate land change effects on watersheds. These management practices are some of those land change effects that humans can control. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":176,"source":25,"source_text":"Brook Trout","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Brook Trout → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"These management practices can help create cooler temperatures and healthy streams for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":177,"source":25,"source_text":"Brook Trout","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Brook Trout → Urban Forest Planting":"These management practices can help create cooler temperatures and healthy streams for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":178,"source":26,"source_text":"Forest Buffer","target":17,"target_text":"Tree Planting","text":{"Forest Buffer → Tree Planting":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":179,"source":29,"source_text":"Healthy Watersheds","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Healthy Watersheds → Urban Forest Planting":"Increasing trees and forests serve a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, reduced temperatures in streams for cold water fish, and pleasant places for humans to walk."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":180,"source":27,"source_text":"Wetlands","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"Wetlands → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"Increasing wetlands serves a multitude of ecosystem services including reduced flooding, and reduced nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that results in harmful algal blooms."},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":181,"source":36,"source_text":"2025 WIP","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"2025 WIP → Urban Forest Buffer":"The WIPs include management practices expected to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in local waters and in the Chesapeake Bay."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":182,"source":50,"source_text":"Blue Crab Abundance","target":15,"target_text":"Urban Forest Planting","text":{"Blue Crab Abundance → Urban Forest Planting":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":183,"source":36,"source_text":"2025 WIP","target":17,"target_text":"Tree Planting","text":{"2025 WIP → Tree Planting":"The WIPs include management practices expected to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in local waters and in the Chesapeake Bay."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":184,"source":49,"source_text":"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"Land Use Methods and Metrics Development → Urban Tree Planting":"The Chesapeake Bay Program creates a detailed land use to help evaluate land change effects on watersheds. These management practices are some of those land change effects that humans can control. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":185,"source":50,"source_text":"Blue Crab Abundance","target":14,"target_text":"Wetland Creation","text":{"Blue Crab Abundance → Wetland Creation":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for crabs."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":186,"source":28,"source_text":"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention","target":20,"target_text":"Cover Crops","text":{"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention → Cover Crops":"Trapping toxic contaminants before they reach our waterways ensures we have clean water for drinking and the ecosystem. Preventing toxics from reaching natural areas is preferable. "},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":187,"source":36,"source_text":"2025 WIP","target":11,"target_text":"Agricultural Forest Buffer","text":{"2025 WIP → Agricultural Forest Buffer":"The WIPs include management practices expected to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in local waters and in the Chesapeake Bay."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":188,"source":28,"source_text":"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention","target":16,"target_text":"Impervious Surface Reduction","text":{"Toxic Contaminants Policy and Prevention → Impervious Surface Reduction":"Trapping toxic contaminants before they reach our waterways ensures we have clean water for drinking and the ecosystem. Preventing toxics from reaching natural areas is preferable. "},"isBiDirectional":false},{"id":189,"source":30,"source_text":"Fish Habitat","target":13,"target_text":"Urban Forest Buffer","text":{"Fish Habitat → Urban Forest Buffer":"These management practices can help reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff that make waters unhealthy for fish."},"isBiDirectional":true},{"id":190,"source":36,"source_text":"2025 WIP","target":19,"target_text":"Urban Tree Planting","text":{"2025 WIP → Urban Tree Planting":"The WIPs include management practices expected to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in local waters and in the Chesapeake Bay."},"isBiDirectional":true}]}

Ecosystem Benefits Browser

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